Moral Dilemma in History The Atom Bomb - 708 Words

On August 6, 1945, the B-27 superfortress, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic weapon on Hiroshima. Two days later, the B-29 bomber, the Bockscar, dropped the second and final atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered days later on September 2nd, 1945. Since the days of the bombings, there has been much debate about whether use of the the atomic bombs was even necessary to end the war. Even President Truman and Secretary of War Henry Stimson grappled with its necessity even after they authorized its use on Hiroshima and Nagasaki! There are also claims that Truman had other viable alternatives to the bomb that may have prevented the unprecedented destruction wrought by the bomb. Despite the other alternatives, which included continual conventional bombing of Japan and a land invasion, the bomb was the least bloody alternative to end World War II. The atom bomb was the least immoral option Truman had because it was also the least bloody. His only other alternatives were as follows: the land invasion of Japan and continual conventional bombing of Japan. According to Michael Barnes’s Arguments Supporting the Bomb, Allied forces had put a blockade on Japan, which caused food shortages and fuel shortages all over the country. The military also encouraged citizens to kill themselves much like how the people on Iwo Jima and Okinawa did. Japanese professor stated â€Å"I couldnt have survived another month. If the military had its way, we would have fought until all 80 millionShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The World War II1454 Words   |  6 PagesFrom 1939 to 1945, the deadliest and most destructive war in history, known as World War II, was in full motion. Prior to the war, the economy was very poor in both the U.S. as well as Germany with unemployment at an all-time high due to inflation. During this time Hitler was persist ant in occupying Europe and eventually taking over the world, forcing surrounding countries to step in and stop this insane man. Countries that opposed Hitler and his beliefs, like America, France, and Britain were partRead More Nuclear Power and Testing Essay examples2337 Words   |  10 PagesNuclear Power and Testing With the development of nuclear power came a heavy moral debate between scientists and politicians. The government chose to protect its national security and engage in an â€Å"arms race,† rather than protecting its citizens. The nuclear testing between 1951-1962 exposed thousands of Utah, Arizona, and Nevada residents (â€Å"Downwinders†) to nuclear fallout, resulting in genetic defects, leukemia, and cancer in many of the fallout’s victims. In her 1992 book Refuge, TerryRead MoreThe World s Understanding Of Science And Technology1997 Words   |  8 PagesProposal It is widely-known that the Manhattan Project had profound implications on the world’s understanding of science and technology through the development of the first two atomic bombs which effectively ended World War 2 in 1945. However, this singular event in American history has been the focus of a major ethical dilemma for decades as well as having a legacy fraught with conflict and regret. That was what I wanted to explore in my research. I wanted to discover how the legacy of the ManhattanRead MoreWatchmen: What Makes a Hero?1566 Words   |  7 Pagesa distinct moral code, demonstrating the complexities of morality and challenging the idea that good is separate of evil. By critiquing the moral judgments of Rorschach, the standardizations of good and evil will be deconstructed, proving that the differences between what makes a hero or villain cannot be identified. Whether an action is â€Å"morally correct†, or whether the ends justify the means, rests with individ ual interpretation. In order to achieve justice, Rorschach follows moral absolutism,Read MoreExploring Reasons for the Decision to Drop Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki1789 Words   |  8 PagesAt about eight A.M on August sixth, 1945 the Japanese city Hiroshima was destroyed by the deployment of the first nuclear weapon, nicknamed â€Å"Little Boy.† Soon after, at about eleven A.M the following day, a second bomb was dropped, called â€Å"Fat Man† on Nagasaki. Together, these bombings caused massive destruction. The death total was well near 220, 000. Only portions of these deaths were from the days of the bombings, with an equal number occurring later in the year from exposure to radiation. MoreRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesterrorism ever be eradicated? 7. Sports a. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages..................................................................................... 250 Straw Man Fallacy.............................................................................................................................. 251 False Dilemma Fallacy....................................................................................................................... 253 Fallacy of Faulty Comparison .....................................................................................Read MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pagesparticular branch of the theory, the evolution of one of its concepts, or a problem that runs through its development. Others are original pieces of work that are signiï ¬ cant to game theory as a whole. After taking the reader through a concise history of game theory, the contributors discuss such topics as: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the connections between Von Neumann’s mathematical game theory and the domain assigned to it today since Nash the strategic use of information by game players the problemRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesSwitzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means

Human Computer Interaction Free Essays

This system will allow a user to directly pay for their food with a queue number that is created by the system. We created a system that is easy to be understood by the user and is more practical to use. Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Computer Interaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now We made this assignment with a few stages, as follows: First: The user must choose what language will be used to select the food in our restaurant, we provide two languages are English and Indonesian. After selecting the engage the user can choose a Vegetarian menu or Non Vegetarian menu. Then if the customer chose the Vegetarian menu Vegetarian menu list will be displayed, as well as for Non Vegetarian menu. Second: Users only need to choose the desired food and beverages. After the costumer have chosen their desired food, the list of names and food prices will be displayed on payout table on the left screen. If the user wants to change the food menu to be ordered then select the name of the food that want canceled then press the symbol on the right price. Third: If the list of foods that ordered the user is correct press the â€Å"ORDER†, then select payment by cash or credit card. After completion of the selection of the payment method, the user selects the â€Å"K† and the memorandum of the payment will come out automatically. From the stage we give the conclusion that this view has the initial appearance, vegetarian and non-vegetarian menu and a menu of payment and this will make the user or customer order food easily and is equipped with a menu display â€Å"HELP† which will help users who are confused using the drive-thru this. How to cite Human Computer Interaction, Papers

Homosexuality (2381 words) Essay Example For Students

Homosexuality (2381 words) Essay HomosexualityThe origins of human sexuality and homosexuality in particular have puzzledphilosophers, theologians and ordinary people for thousands of years. In scattercultures, homosexuals have been regarded as a normal part of life, however, samesex attraction to most cultures have been treated as an unforgivable sin or aterrible crime. Many psychologists and psychiatrist had attempted to treatand counsel the homosexuals. In our social norm, male attracts to female andfemale attracts to male. To everyone this is a natural and biological urge. However, there is a significant minority who attracts to their own sex. Itsabout five percent of the population in the world. There are many opposingviewpoints of whether it derives from variation in our genes or our physiology,from the intricacies of our personal history or from convergence of these? Is itfor that matter a choice rather than a compulsion? Chances are no one factor orstudy can alone explicate and clarify the human sexual orientation. However,there are evidences that prove being gay is not a choice. The nature ofhomosexuality primarily comes from ones biological sexual orientation and theenvironment is just a source to bring forth or repress the behavior Manyresearchers and scientists have long search for the distinguishable brainstructures, the biochemistry in the human brains to differentiate thedifferences to classify between the two obvious sexes we now have in oursociety, male and female. Such sex differentiation of the brains structure iscalled sexual dimorphism . . (LeVay/ Hamer 22) The first significant observationof sexual dimorphism performed in an animal laboratory. Roger A. Gorski, aprofessor at University of California, Los Angeles, conducted an experiment onrats. In 1978, Gorski examined the rats hypothalamus, a region at the base ofits brain that is involved in instinctive behaviors and regulation ofmetabolism. He discovered there is a group on front of the hypothalamus isseveral times larger in millimeter of the male rats compared to the female rats. The cell group is very small but it could be easily observed on a stained slicewhen being viewed under a microscope. More interestingly, Gorskis findingapplied to the sexual orientation between males and females. That particulargroup of cell is known as the medial preoptic are has been involved in thesexual behaviors typically displayed in males. For instance, if there is a malerat has a injury medial preoptic area, he apparently couldnt indifferent tosex with another female. From the study of Gorski and his co-workers, we nowknow the androgen is the typical male hormone and the estrogen is the femalehormone played a major role in bring about dimorphism during the fetusdevelopment. (LeVay/Hamer 23) Another finding also involved with Gorski and hiscolleagues at U.C.L.A, especially with his student, Dr. Laura S. Allen. Theyalso found the dimorphic structure in the human brain. A cell group named INAH3,shorten for the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, in themedial preoptic region of the hypothalamus is about three times larger in menthat in women. (LeVay/Hamer 23) Animal studies make available a good deal ofevidence for biological basis of disease, but in this case, sexual orientation. Through a careful exploitation of hormone level on rats, Gorski as been able toproduce male rodents that demonstrate feminine behavior and injected into thefemale fetus that develop with the male fetus and it appear to be masculinebecause of the male testosterone. They also look and act more like males. Inaddition, they are less attractive to male mice (Gorman 60) Related to Gorskiand Allens study, Simon LeVay, a British biologist and neurologist at SanDiego Salk Institute, who is also gay, performed another study for BiologicalStudies, in 1990. LeVay decided to check whether INAH3 or some other cell groupin the medial preoptic area varies in size with sexual orientation as well aswith sex. LeVay conducted an experiment on the hypothalamus in autopsy specimensfrom nineteen homosexual men, all of whom died of AIDS and sixteen heterosexualmen, six of whom had also died of complication of AIDS. After encoding thespecimens to eliminate all the bias that could skew the outcome. LeVay care fullysliced the hypothalamus into serial slices. He measured their cross-sectionalareas and their thickness under a microscope. LeVay has concluded the sexuallydimorphic nucleus INAH3 were significantly larger than of female and smaller inmale homosexuals than in straight men and similar in size to the nucleus offemale. In some gay men, this group altogether nonexistent; this isstatistically proven in 1 in 1000 gay men. LeVay hypothesized that this is abiological factor and possibly genetically based has influenced in the brains ofhomosexuals to become feminized. (LeVay/Hamer 25) William Byne, a psychiatristat Mount Sinai Medical Center decided to challenge and test LeVays finding. Byne compared the brains of nineteen heterosexual men and seven women and foundthe male nuclei were larger, as LeVay had initiated. Byne came up with severalarguments that other factors could also influenced the cause of homosexualitybut chosen not to publish his result until he can rule out all the possibilitiesthat could contradict his argument. He is also collecting numerous human brainsfor a comparison of gay and straight males. (Horgan 26) There are manyconservatives who disapprove of homosexuality and have the intense hostilitywith the concept of gay gene and have traditionally argued against it. Butthis is because those conservatives do not understand the implications that liebehind the gay gene. Homosexuality is life left-handedness. Its neitherchosen nor a psychological illness. Since the homosexuality exposed and became acontroversial issue in United States in the last three decades, manyconservatives argue, Homosexuality is a chose lifestyle, like vegetarian. Teen Suicide EssayAnother example is Type 1 diabetes; this disease has only 30% active, so inanother word, you could only have 30% chance of this gene will become activate. Therefore two identical brothers could have share the same gene for diabetes butone might develop it and one might not. The activeness of the gay gene is only50%, for that reason, some twins do not share the same sexual orientation unlessthere is something that triggers those alleles to activate. There are traitsthat emerge at the different time of life, some at the beginning and others thatemerge later on in time. (Kangas 20) Another explanation is after the fertilizedegg separated into two individuals. The DNA sequence might have a few changesand that could lead to the personality as well as the sexual orientationdifferences. This has not been proven, but it could be one of the possibilitiesof why identical twins do not have 100% chance of being gay. Bailey andPillard say their research indicates that male sexual orientation issubstantially genetic. Research on social factors has proven fruitless,with no evidence that parental behavior or even parents homosexuality affectsthe chil drens sexual orientation. (Pillard 32) Applying the homosexuality tothe gene concept, New York psychiatrist Kenneth Paul Rosenberg believes that we,as people, should be more open-minded to the study of homosexuality because itcould help to fight for gay and lesbian rights in this society. Hopefully italso could decrease an escalating hate crime rate and the discrimination towardhomosexuals.(Horgan) Like any genetic research, finding the gene sequence istime consuming and expensive. The finding of Huntingtons disease took about adecade and cost millions of dollars. What are the advantages of the studysoutcomes and who will be effects by it? Human sexual orientation is no ordinarytopic or study. Its at the center of a fierce debate involving politics, thelaw, religion, ethics and the origins and meaning of human behavior. Many legalexperts felt the evidence for a genetic link to homosexuality would strengthensthe evidence for immutability and therefore cause tighter scrutiny of laws t hatpermitted discrimination against gays and lesbians in housing, employment, orparticipation in the political process. Others, though, argued that immutabilitywas a red herring and that the real issue was equal protection, not biology. There were also ethical, medical and economic issues involved as well. Althoughscientists did not provide any test for the still hypothetical gay gene but weare heading in that direction. If such test were developed, might parents decideto screen the fetus for homosexuality, just as they do for Down syndrome andother genetic defects? Would some doctors regard homosexuality as a geneticdefect that should be cured and weeded out of the population? Would insurancecompanies charge men with the gay gene more on coverage or refuse to serve thembecause they have a higher risk of AIDS faced by gay men? These are questionsthat worried many people. In addition, homosexuals are frequently the targetsof discrimination and violence. The treat of violence and discrimination is anobstacle to lesbian and gay peoples development. In a 1989 national survey,5% of the gay men and 10% of the lesbians reported physical abuse and/orassault47% report some form of discrimination over their lifetime. Otherres earch has show similarly high rates of discrimination or violence towardhomosexuals (Yahoo.com, APA Q;A) Personally I do hope the genetic surgerywill reveal the true nature of homosexual and find the right loci of the gaygene in the near future. Optimistically with finding of the biologicalinfluences on the gay gene can help to eliminate the discrimination and theescalating hate crimes rate toward the homosexuals. Homosexuals are normalpeople like the heterosexuals. They have feelings and their sexual orientationof attracting the same sex is innate. They have no control over this destiny. Counseling, therapy or the environment cant change this so since we cantconvert this then why dont we accept this and give those homosexuals all therespects and rights that they deserve like any other heterosexuals. BibliographyAPA Public Communication. *http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/orient.html. * ?Begley S.; Hager M. (July 26, 1993) Newsweek. Vol. 122 Issue 4 Does DNA MakeSome Men Gay? P59 2/3p, 1c ? Burr C. (Dec 16, 1996) Weekly Standard. SupposeThere Is a Gay Gene What Then? P 22-26 ? John, H. (Nov 95). ScientificAmerican, Vol. 273 Issue 5, Gay Genes, Revisited p26, 5/6p, 1c ? Kangas S. (1999) Homosexuality Is Biologically Determined. Homosexuality: OpposingViewpoints. Mary E. Williams, Greenhaven Press. 17-21 ? Gorman, C. (Sept 9,1991) Time Magazine. Are Gay Men Born that Way? P 60-61 ? Pillard R. (1999) TheCauses of Homosexuality Are Probably Genetic. Homosexuality: OpposingViewpoints. Mary E. Williams, Greenhaven Press. 27-34

Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation Essay Example

Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation Essay Intrinsic compensation is the quality of life at work such as job variety or management feedback. Companies can use their compensation packages to attract certain types of employees and also retain them for an extended period of time. However, the reward of total compensation to attack and retain employees has not always been the manner in which companies treated their staff. For more years in history than not, companies would work their employees incredibly hard resulting in employees putting forth much of their lifes to work and receiving very little in return. Laws and Regulations The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1 938 (FALLS) had a significant impact in the manner in which employees are to be rewarded for their work. FL-AS set a minimum wage for employees to be paid, it established an overtime premium of time and a half for hours beyond 40 in a seven day period, and it set guidelines for how much minors were able to be worked (DOLL, 2015). Equal Pay act Of 1963 said that employers were not allowed to segregate their wages based on employees gender. This act created an historic definition of equal work; requiring both sexes are to receive equal opportunity for imposition. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women have generally always been paid less than men for doing the same jobs and the Equal Pay Act has been enforced to remedy the issue. Furthermore, the Civil Rights Act of 1 964 went on to make sure that no person was discriminated against for race, color, sex, national origin, or religion. This would include areas such as the hiring process; employee reviews, working conditions, promotion opportunities (National Archives). This act was the forefront of dissimulating discrimination not only in the work place but also in all business and educational establishments whether an employee, customer, student, or teacher. Taking the HER Consultant Role There are many things to consider within each company when it comes to creating a total compensation plan. Hiring a federally contracted employee in the government technology requires a different approach than hiring cashier at a locally owned shop. While work related laws are pertain to all working individuals not all business are required to function in the same manner. For example, all working individuals are protected from discrimination. They muss also earn overtime when deemed necessary according to FALLS. However, not al employers are required to provide medical leave to their employees. Under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1 993, only employers with 50 or more employees within a 75 mile radius must provide this to employees (SHRIMP, 2010). The Davis-Bacon Act requires that federally contracted employees be paid a fair salary based on the current salary in the area. There are several varieties in total compensation available for employers to present a favorable plan to a perspective employee. These rules and regulations maintain some type of standardization from a governmental perspective. The laws and regulations mentioned about were implemented to provide a standard level fairness between employers and employees. They prevent individuals having to be put through high levels of extreme conditions from doing so without being properly rewarded for that tedious work. Without these laws and regulations companies would have complete control over their company and have the availability to to abuse their power. The establishment of such laws also created a competitive edge for companies when it comes to hiring and retaining employees.

Conceptual Domainsâ€Definition and Examples

Conceptual Domainss In studies of metaphor, a conceptual domain is the representation of any coherent segment of experience, such as love and journeys. A conceptual domain that is understood in terms of another is called a conceptual metaphor. In Cognitive English Grammar (2007),  Ã‚  G. Radden and R. Dirven describe a  conceptual domain as the general field to which a category or frame belongs in a given situation.  For example, a knife belongs  to the domain of eating when used for cutting bread on the breakfast table, but to the domain of fighting when used as a weapon. Examples and Observations In the cognitive linguistic view, a metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. . . Examples of this include when we talk and think about life in terms of journeys, about arguments in terms of war, about love also in terms of journeys, about theories in terms of buildings, about ideas in terms of food, about social organizations in terms of plants, and many others. A convenient shorthand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following:CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (A) is CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (B), which is what is called a conceptual metaphor. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another. A conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience. Thus, for example, we have coherently organized knowledge about journeys that we rely on in understanding life...The two domains that participate in conceptual metaphor have special names. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain. Thus, life, arguments, love, theory, ideas, social organizations, and others are target domains, while journeys, war, buildings, food, plants, and others are source domains. The target is the domain that we try to understand through the use of the source domain.Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2010 According to the cognitive linguistic view, a metaphor is the understanding of one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. For instance, we talk and think about love in terms of food (I hunger for you); madness (Theyre crazy about one another); the lifecycle of plants (Their love is in full bloom); or a journey (Well just have to go our separate ways). . . . Conceptual metaphor is distinguished from metaphorical linguistic expressions: the latter are words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of the concept used to understand another. Therefore, all the examples in italics above are metaphorical linguistic expressions. The use of small capital letters indicates that the particular wording does not occur in language as such, but it underlies conceptually all the metaphorical expressions listed underneath it. For instance, the verb in I hunger for you is a metaphorical linguistic expression of the LOVE IS HUNGER conceptual metaphor.Rà ©ka Ben czes, Creative Compounding in English: The Semantics of Metaphorical and Metonymical Noun-Noun Combinations. John Benjamins, 2006

Business Mgt Essay Example for Free

Business Mgt Essay Part I. Assume you have taken over responsibility to play the lead Information Technology (IT) management role in Magnum Enterprises. Your boss, Rachel Heigl, is Magnum’s CIO. The IT management group is comprised of six people who you will be supervising. Ms. Heigl is an enlightened manager, and she believes that if you are to carry out your responsibilities effectively, you need to work with her in defining your IT management role. As a first step, she invites you to write a short statement where you describe what you see to be your role as head of the IT management effort at Magnum. Proper IT Management requires researching and discerning information technology as a company resource guiding both operational and crucial company capabilities. Using information technology to maximize satisfaction of the customer alongside productivity and profitability will ensure that our competiveness with other business stays at a maximum. In turn IT can make business processes more effective and efficient to provide said resources to customers. The lead IT shall ensure performance of the company through managing technology while encompassing priorities of the business into the role. Striving to be a partner with great initiative this business will discover its leader will have accomplished and achieved what they desired. My first role of business would be to establish the parameters and to understand the IT knowledge areas. These are made up of development processes; management challenges information technologies, business applications and foundation concepts. Concepts of the foundation are making sure the role of information systems paired with business and technical concepts are a familiarity with the end user. Familiarity of concepts in entry level information systems bind with a competitive strategy can lead to an overwhelming strategic advantage. Educating Magnum’s team upon the significance of information technology with the three roles that the business world performs in order to combine business management, software, and hardware capabilities. At the Management level, decision making would lead to significant improvements for IT utilization. Business operations see information systems as a huge support to review and collect data from financial operations, managing manufacturing processes that are very sophisticated, tracking company inventory, and productivity. The use of metrics paired with identifying trends to assist the company in making informed decisions faster to provide information about our competitors. IT  is used quite often to provide a strategic support advantage for the company. Automated inventory and ordering systems an assist with the savings costs. With this information we would need to review our mission statement that identifies the company’s functions, provides oversight on the overall goal, a sense of direction, and guides decision making. Investigating and development towards understanding how we generate money and ensuring a customer base for our company. Envisioning the business plan, mission, with current IT structure and the ability to communicate with senior leadership will guide me with necessary tools to assist the Chief Information Officer (CIO). To ensure a strategic IT plan is created in which will be shared and implemented with my team. Planning to have Magnum’s team familiar with data resource management capabilities, hardware, networks, telecommunications, and software within the company is the second area of information systems known as information technologies. In today’s society PDA’s (personal digital assistants; IE. Blackberry’s ETC.) Personal computers and network servers are integral computer hardware and are crucial in our business environment. Being extremely knowledgeable is vital to our team troubleshooting and resolving hardware issues instead of having to call anot her company for maintenance. We have the ability to break down our company’s software into two categories, application software and system software. Both types normally off the consumer shelf as commercial software instead of having an employee on the team write the software codes for these programs. I plan to ensure my teams are extremely familiar with all software programs and have a firm foundation when troubleshooting and resolving technical issues. Additionally, if not already formed, I will institute a configuration control board and implement test scenarios to ensure future hardware and software being purchased will not have compatibility issues. Also a part of information technologies is data resource management. This is essential in sustaining and maintaining our company. We will require a database management system of good quality that is capable of data consolidating into a database in turn can be accessed my several program applications. Within the past fifteen to twenty years networks and telecommunications software have played a vital role. To ensure the expansion and growth for Magnum Enterprises, we will need out network to be consistent, reliable, monetary sufficient. I would prepare the team to  either install or review and change as needed our network management system that assists with traffic management, capacity planning, network monitoring, and security in essence that our system will grow and change with modern day business culture and practices as the company expands. In order to have the most dependable and proven with the cost of it a ring network should be put into place. The next area, development processes, deals with designing, planning, identifying ideas, and implementing information systems to meet potential business opportunities. It is critical that we ensure our business management capabilities alongside our hardware and software are integrated successfully within our company. Basis within t he development process and depending upon the circumstance, there are a couple of processes we want our team to employ as resolving problems com along with our business systems. Those processes are considered or known as the prototyping approach and he systems development life-cycle. The synopsis of prototyping involves quickly developing or constructing test modules of a desired system in which we will engage when we cannot determine or classify the end user requirements. These systems would be used to assist our personnel with the capabilities to design or create an information system that will be intuitive and easy to navigate for consumers. Prototyping involves four steps with the first being investigation and analysis step. This step, requirements grouped and defined. Second, is the analysis and design step in which a model is developed and constructed to meet consumer business requirements. Next, in the design and implementation, this finalizes the model that was tested and begins the initial installation. The last step to this four step process is implementation and maintenance, which would consist of the business system being accepted, used, and maintained. Prototyping advantages are: decrease in the development time, development costs and requires user i nvolvement. This generates higher satisfaction results. I plan to employ this type of approach to small initiatives. The next area is business application for information systems. This will consist of being familiar with commerce and business applications for our employees and which are used within the company to make strategic leadership and management decisions. A few of the most used business applications within a majority of companies are accounting, human resource management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, customer relationship management, financial management,  and supply chain management. An Architectural picture of or IT business applications will ensure that I will have familiarity with all applications that we use. This approach will identify the current interrelationships, interfaces with customer, employees, business applications, and stake holders. We will then need to review the chart and see if there are any potential process improvements that we can make to integrate those systems cross functionally and keep operational costs to a minimum. The systems devel opment lifecycle employs the systems approach to create IT solutions. This lifecycle is often utilized for large applications and it is composed of five processes that I expect my team to know and become familiar when employing the systems development lifecycle: systems investigation, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation and systems maintenance. The first process, systems investigation, involves project brainstorming, planning and performing a feasibility study. During the brainstorming and planning initiative, a project management implementation plan is created identifying the detailed steps that will be accomplished during the creation and development of the system. The feasibility study is critically important as this outlines all requirements for the system. It also explores four major areas, organizational, economic, technical, and operational feasibility, which determines if it’s worthwhile to invest in potential business ventures. In reviewing the organization’s feasibility, we need to determine if the system is in line with and supports our company’s strategic objectives. The economic feasibility identifies and evaluates the project’s tangible and intangible cost and benefits. Technical feasibility is assessed by confirming if the necessary hardware and software will be available or can be developed and tested before implementation. Operational feasibility is determined by the motivation, desire, willingness, and competence of the stakeholders (management, employees, customers and suppliers) to use and operate the proposed system. Systems Analysis consists of consolidating requirements and includes a detailed breakdown of the business needs and requirements of the organization. This starts with an organizational analysis from one of the business end users. This individual must be keenly aware of the organizational management structure, business requirements, and current IT systems operati ons and its proposed relationship with the newly created system. Some of the outputs generated from the systems analysis  include system flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and connectivity diagrams which aid in the development of the analysis report The next process, systems design, focuses on the design, process diagrams, business rules, and developing specifications for the hardware, software, data resources that will meet the proposed requirements for new business system. The three major outputs produced from the systems design phase are user data, interface, and process design. The fourth process of the systems development lifecycle is system implementation. This encompasses either acquiring the hardware or software or developing it from company resources and then testing the products in a test environment to see how well they operate and integrate with your existing IT architecture. If testing goes well, an implementation plan including training end users and developing system documentation will be accomplished prior to incorporating and execu ting this system within our IT architecture. The final process, systems maintenance consists of consistently monitoring and evaluating the newly implemented system. This also includes correcting errors and discrepancies not identified during the testing phase and continuously making system improvements, advancements and upgrades. The final area of information systems is management challenges. There are numerous challenges that our IT team may be faced with at Magnum Enterprises. One challenge is addressing our security concerns which involve several areas. For instance, our IT team needs be constantly vigilant and on the alert for potential competitors trying to or actually hacking into our systems to steal or damage our data. Additionally, we may also be challenged with setting up restrictions and locking down the network for personnel to only use the network and its software applications for official business. Ensuring that our software is controlled and that employees are not illegally making copies of software for personal use is another area of concern. Preventing virus attacks to our network and installing anti-virus software to diagnose and remove computer viruses is of utmost concern. Failure to maintain a secure network can potentially halt our business from being productive and resulting in thousands of dollars in lost revenue. Additional challenges the IT team may be faced with may involve expanding our infrastructure and network to address our growing business. Ensuring our network provides our employees accessibility to the data they need, wherever they require it, regardless of their location will test our innovativeness.  The company may not have a backup plan to allow it to operate effectively and efficiently in the event of a forced relocation. If that is the case, I will recommend to our management staff that we establish a continuity of operations plan enabling us to relocate with minimum impact to our business operations like a hot site for temporary functionality. In the dynamic world of IT we will always be faced with challenges, however, utilizing IT and being on the leading edge of new IT systems provides our business with many benefits and makes our organization more effective and efficient. For example, IT can be used to improve and promote new business processes such as creating an automated inventory system which will save money in additional labor costs. Another use of IT in making it more efficient and effective is that using certain software programs enables us to identify and target our top customers in terms of profitability to our business. In summary, IT enables our company to successfully plan, integrate, manage, and carry out strategies which lead to profit. Part II. Six months after you take over the lead IT management role at Magnum, the CIO, Ms. Rachel Heigl, is pleased with your work. She has just attended a meeting of Magnum’s executive committee (the committee comprised of the most senior managers of Magnum), where the CEO and Vice President of marketing have indicated that Magnum’s mediocre e-business capabilities must be strengthened. As CIO, Ms. Heigl is given primary responsibility in improving Magnum’s e-business performance. She in turn puts you in charge of a small task force comprised of representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. In order to advance and improve Magnum’s e-business performance operations, it’s vital I establish a cohesive team with representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. Their input and perspective is necessary and essential in developing a way ahead and strategic plan for the future of our e-busin ess department. Developing success with our e-business begins with marketing the company. Marketing is concerned with developing and creating an innovative plan so that the product or service can be promoted and sold. Promoting our products and services are key and critical in attracting new customers as well as maintaining our current customer base. It is important that I develop an understanding of the marketing role and how it can benefit  by using Information Technology systems. Marketing information systems support well established and e-commerce processes that sustain major elements within the marketing function and is described as a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers to improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control. The major components of marketing information systems include interactive marketing, sales force automation, customer relationship management, sales management, product management, targeted marketing, and market research. Two of the seven components I will be discussing are interactive marketing and customer relationship management. In our environment today, marketing information systems aid marketing personnel in a variety of tasks associated with branding products and customer service initiatives. For instance, interactive marketing is largely dependent on utilizing the internet, which permits the business and its customers and potential customers to become partners in developing, socializing, acquiring and advancing products and services. With the IT department enabling this type of communication, the company benefits from generating new ideas for other products and services as well as establishing strong customer loyalty. Another area within the marketing information systems is C ustomer Relationship Management (CRM). This incorporates and automates many customer service processes. It consists of utilizing an IT framework to construct, automate, and integrate marketing processes with the company’s business operations. CRM is usually comprised of a software suite that allows a business to provide efficient, effective and reliable service to its customers. Additionally, CRM permits a company to identify and target their most important customers as well as facilitate real-time customization of products and services based on the customer’s wants and desires. Understanding the marketing department’s views and concerns enables the IT department to implement and install an IT infrastructure that will be capable of supporting various information technologies. Some of the benefits that can be obtained from the marketing department are: an opportunity to increase sales and revenue, a chance to touch new market areas, 24/7 accessibility for the customer, and more flexibility and convenie nce for the customers. The production and operations function is supported by  manufacturing information systems. Manufacturing information systems are designed to be used specifically in an operations and production environment. Different types of manufacturing information systems consist of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), process control, machine control and robotics. CIM involves using computers to control the total manufacturing process, from design to distribution, to produce produces products of the highest caliber. Process control involves utilizing computers to oversee and control continuing physical processes. Machine control consists of using a computer based system to direct the actions of a machine. Robotics involves designing, constructing, and building machines that have the intelligence of a computer and human like physical capabilities. It’s key I understand how the operations representative depends on these information systems to operate effectively as well as their expec tations for these systems. Working together as a team will enable the IT and operations department to develop better ideas to increase the manufacturing and production process. Developing an understanding of all the accounting and financial based systems within our business and discussing these systems with the finance representative enables our IT and finance departments to plan effectively when troubleshooting and performing upgrades. These systems include but are not limited to order processing, inventory control, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, general ledger, cash management, investment management, capital budgeting and financial planning. The success of these systems is integrally connected with its information technology and services. For example, the order processing system â€Å"captures and processes customer orders and produces data needed for sales analysis and inventory control and the accounts payable system keeps track of data concerning purchases from and payments to suppliers. Communicating with the finance representative is essential in setting up or modifying these systems to meet the needs of our business. Any interrupti on or degradation in service can lead to severe damage to the business and financial services that Magnum Enterprises relies on to function and operate. As with any business, competitors are always looking for an advantage to get them ahead in their particular discipline or industry. Unfortunately, being extremely aggressive and ambitious can sometimes cloud your decision making capabilities to the point that you may  be committing breaking privacy laws and monitoring and copyright violations. As the IT lead manager for Magnum Enterprises, I’m charged with ensuring our network infrastructure and IT systems are operating proficiently. However, when it comes to addressing privacy issues from an IT perspective, opinions and viewpoints from a legal expert are necessary. In regards to privacy, several websites accumulate usernames and passwords and personal information such as home addresses and phone numbers without authorization from users. Applying internet monitoring technology within the workplace raises concerns about where the boundaries lie between personal use and public resource use. Copyright concerns and violations has become an issue with the development of the Internet and upgrades to technology. Discussing these concerns with a legal expert and implementing and adhering to strict guidelines will help prevent our company from committing these violations. In addition to the goals of strengthening the capabilities of the e-business, attention must be paid to some key technical challenges. Overseeing secure information throughout our business is extremely difficult to implement and maintain successfully. Key technical issues that may be encountered when re-engineering our e-business include privacy and confidentiality, authenticity, data integrity, access control, availability and infrastructure. Privacy and confidentiality involves businesses protecting and securing personal information while being stored or t ransmitted through email. This can be accomplished by utilizing encryption devices or firewalls. Authentication is used to confirm an individual’s identity and during e-business transactions, the purchaser and buyer wants assurance that proper identity is established. A secure way to assist with confirming identity to both individuals is to utilize a virtual private network. Data integrity means the data is correct and has not been altered while being stored or transmitted. The use of firewalls assists in preventing unauthorized users and safeguarding data. Another way to ensure data integrity is through the use of antivirus software which also aids in keeping your data free from viruses. Access control exists when you’re authorizing certain individual’s permission to restricted systems or data. Several measures that can help with access control include firewalls, access privileges, passwords, digital certificates and virtual private networks. Availability is an issue when customers and employers need information  without any disruptions. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) systems, data backups and the use of anti-virus software assist with ensuring data is always available. Our e-business infrastructure constantly needs to be monitored to ensure its meeting the needs of our business. An infrastructure that is unable to consistently support the network traffic load can potentially cost our company thousands of dollars in lost sales. If the network is continually slow, increasing the speed of the network backbone will assist in providing faster and reliable support for our customers. In addition to increasing the speed of the network backbone, implementing cross-functional enterprise systems will assist in improving critical business processes throughout Magnum enterprises. A final technical challenge is ensuring all of our systems are compatible and can operate on several different hardware platforms. By having this capabi lity, our operating costs from a technical refresh perspective will decrease. While strengthening capabilities and addressing technical issues, there are management challenges within the e-business that must be addressed. As discussed earlier, our team must be vigilant in addressing security challenges such as hacking into our systems, software theft, and protecting our software applications. In addition to security issues, there are ethical concerns that must be addressed. Privacy has always been a serious and contentious issue amongst employers and employees. For instance, computer monitoring is considered by many personnel to be an infringement on the employee’s privacy and shouldn’t be allowed. However, employers argue that since the computer is a company owned resource, they should be allowed to monitor the work of their employer. In reality, many employers are concerned as to whether or not the employee is actually working and producing or just goofing off and surfing the internet. Utilizing IT equipment at work has been mentioned to cause a variety of health issues which management must address. For example, if your job consists of being in front of a computer all day, some of the health problems you may experience damage to the neck and arm muscles, eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, job stress, poor posture and poor circulation. Resolutions to some of these health concerns can be through the science of ergonomics. The objective of ergonomics is to devise and create safe health work conditions with the goal of decreasing health issues and increasing employee morale and work productivity. If  Magnum Enterprises has customers internationally, they also may be faced with political, geo-economic and cultural challenges. From a political concern, there are countries that have restrictions regulating or denying the transfer of data across their borders which can potentially result in customers or businesses from having to pay import or export fees. Geo-economic concerns involve issues such as identifying and locating personnel with IT skills to work at remote sites and communicating with personnel across all 24 time zones. Cultural challenges â€Å"include differences in languages, cultural interests, religions, customs, social attitudes, and political philosophies†. For example, if Magnum Enterprises was conducting a business transaction via a Video Teleconference it would be disrespectful to look them in the eye when introducing yourself. Before meeting an international customer, it would prudent to review their customs and courtesies to ensure a smooth business relationship. Improving Magnum’s e-business performance faces several challenges. Consulting with key department personnel from operations, marketing, finance and legal as well as addressing technical and management obstacles will assist me in charting a plan to put our e-business on the right track towards success. Business Mgt. (2016, Oct 17).

EVOLUTION Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EVOLUTION - Term Paper Example Genetic drift on the other hand leads to variation in the gene pool while non-random mating and gene flow results in reduction of differences among populations. 12. Biogeography is concerned with the geographical location of species all over the planet. Related species or species that share common ancestry can be found in different regions with similar climatic conditions. 13. Analogous structures occur due to convergent evolution for instance wings in both insects and birds while homologous structures are similar in anatomy but different in functions such as bat and birds which have pterodactyl wings. Vestigial structures are redundant with no biological importance or use like the ear bones in humans. 14. Embryonic development is important in explaining evolutionary relationships in that related species usually have patterns of embryonic development that resemble one another. Moreover, similar patterns of development are hypothesized as to have only evolved once. 18. Microevolution refers to changes within a genetic pool which results in small changes in an individual while macroevolution is significant changes in individuals resulting in creation of new species. 20. Barriers to reproduction can either be pre or post zygotic isolation mechanisms. In Pre-zygotic isolation, the mechanism occurred before breeding and include; gametic, mechanical and habitat isolations. On the other hand, post reproduction isolation occurs after copulation in includes mechanisms such as hybrid sterility, zygote mortality and non viable hybrids. 21. Allopatric speciation occurs when species are separated by a physical barrier while parapatric speciation takes place when species are not separated by barriers but live on the same area but develop different adaptations due to things such as pollution. On the other hand, sympatric speciation is controversial because it takes place in members within the same geographical location. 25. Cladistic approaches